Baby Solid Food

Entry kali ni kita share on baby solid food. I started my baby on solid at the age of 7 months, lambatkan? Kerana from few of my reading, I found this :

How will I know when my baby's ready?

Your baby will give you clear signs when he's ready to move beyond liquid-only nourishment. Cues to look for include:

• Head control. Your baby needs to be able to keep his head in a steady, upright position. --CHECK (he has his head control at the age of 10 weeks old)
• Losing the "extrusion reflex." To keep solid food in his mouth and then swallow it, your baby needs to stop using his tongue to push food out of his mouth. -- CHECK (he knows well how to eat sebab asyik barang masuk mulut)
• Sitting well when supported. Even if he's not quite ready for a highchair, your baby needs to be able to sit upright to swallow well. - CHECK (he started sitting unaided at the age of 5 months)
• Chewing motions. Your baby's mouth and tongue develop in sync with his digestive system. To start solids, he should be able to move food to the back of his mouth and swallow. As he learns to swallow efficiently, you may notice less drooling – though if your baby's teething, you might still see a lot of drool. -- NOT CHECK (he keeps drooling heavy)
• Significant weight gain. Most babies are ready to eat solids when they've doubled their birth weight (or weigh about 15 pounds) and are at least 4 months old. -- NOT CHECK (he gain gradually after he started being mobile)
• Growing appetite. He seems hungry – even with eight to ten feedings of breast milk or formula a day. -- CHECK
• Curiosity about what you're eating. Your baby may begin eyeing your bowl of rice or reaching for a forkful of fettuccine as it travels from your plate to your mouth. -- CHECK

 So bila ada syarat yang dia masih belum fulfill, I hesitate to start him on solid. I visit a lot at http://wholesomebabyfood.momtastic.com/, facebook group homemade solid food for baby and few more webbie.

Ok, permulaan sharing. meh kita belajar tentang CARBO. Please do refer the poster below. Taken it for sharing purposes from HSFFYB facebook group. So, carbo bkn la semata-mata nasi, ada few types of carbo. Dan carbo bila diproses akan menghasilkan gula yang seterusnya digunakan sebagai tenaga. Tapi bila ianya tidak digunakan, habislah..Kenapa kita delay in introducing carbo utk anak? Baca dulu poster ni.

How carbohydrate digested?

Penghadaman Karbohidrat di Dalam Mulut

Penghadaman karbohidrat bermula dari dalam mulut, tapi takde proses penyerapan yang berlaku. Proses bermula dengan pemecahan molekul panjang polysaccharide of complex carbohydrates when the teeth and tongue break the food down into smaller bits while the salivary glands moisten the food with the assistance enzyme salivary amylase* melalui tindakan mengunyah. Chewing physically breaks carbohydrates into smaller pieces and form a bolus (ball) and make the food easier to swallow, creating more surface area for salivary amylase to begin working. However, saliva also serves another purpose -- breaking down simple carbohydrates with an enzyme called amylase. Selepas mengunyah, molekul-molekul tersebut ditelan dan akan melalui esophagus untuk ke perut di mana stomach acid stops the effectiveness of salivary amylase. No additional carbohydrate digestion occurs until the mixture moves from the stomach into the small intestine, according to the University of Wisconsin Online Advanced Anatomy and Physiology program. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine. So think of our baby's new system which still in adapting session, wouldn't u being too hard to your baby?

Penghadaman Karbohidrat di Dalam Perut

Di perut, proses penghadaman karbohidrat sangat minimal, mainly protein were digested in stomach. Bukan tak ada tapi minimal, the stomach does release gastric amylase, which plays a small part in carbohydrate digestion, but the main purpose of the stomach is to churn food into a substance called chyme, initiate protein digestion, and store food on its way to the small intestine.

Penghadaman Karbohidrat di Dalam Usus

Apabila karbohidrat (dalam bentuk yang lebih pendek setelah dipecah-pecahkan semasa proses kunyahan) masuk ke dalam small intestine, enzim pancreatic amylase, released from the pancreas, continues breaking down long saccharide chains from complex carbohydrates into disaccharides, or dual-molecule sugars such as sucrose. 

Additional enzymes -- lactase, maltase and sucrase -- then break disaccharides down into monosaccharides, or single molecule sugars such as glucose. Refined carbohydrates such as white flour and sugar are digested swiftly and mostly absorbed rapidly in the upper end of the small intestine, according to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. 

More complex, less easily digested carbohydrates such as whole grains are digested toward the lower end of the small intestine, near the ileum. The villi, or small finger-like protrusions in the intestine and ileum that absorb digested materials, vary depending on whether the diet is rich in refined or whole grain carbohydrates. As the chyme is released into the small intestine it moves into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. When the sugars reach the small intestine, they are in dissacharide -- dual chain - form and still too big for absorption by the small intestine.

In the duodenum, the pancreas releases pancreatic amylase, which initiates the process of breaking disaccharides down into monosaccharides, or single chain carbohydrates.
The jejunum and ileum also releases four enzymes that break dissacharide carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose. Isomalase breaks down maltose and isomalose into glucose. Lactase breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed by the villi in the small intestine, into the blood stream, and used as energy by the mitochondria in the cells.

Input	Enzyme	Ouput
starch	pancreatic amylase	maltose
maltose	maltase	glucose
Lactose	lactase	glucose and galactose
Sucrose	sucrase	glucose and fructose

The end products of carbohydrate digestion are simple sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose) which can be absorbed. 

*Amylase hydrolyzes iaitu proses memecahkan  molekul-molekul air kepada anion OH dan kation H of starch to alpha-dextrin, which are then digested by gluco-amylase (alpha-dextrinases) to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha-amylase and alpha-dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase) present in the brush border of small intestine.

Jadi, boleh kita bayangkan andai bayi yang baru hendak diperkenalkan makanan diberi dengan pelbagai jenis hidangan karbohidrat. Bayangkan kecelaruan sistem penghadamannya yang baru hendak mengenal jenis2 makanan, baru hendak belajar merembeskan enzim dan bagaimana sistem yang terlalu muda itu nak segregate kan makanan2 yang dimakan. Kesian anak kita, kan? 

Jadi sebagai intro untuk solid food anak-anak, adalah terbaik jika kita ikut kesesuaian makanan dan sistem penghadamannya. Gradually, we improve the taste and texture, mengikut umur dan penerimaan anak. It's best to start after the baby reach 180 days (7 months if that the case) and ensure the baby has developed all the needed skill before we start them on solid. Bukan semestinya 6 bulan jer dah boleh start makan. And practice 4 days-wait-rule 
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courtesy:

1.  http://www.livestrong.com/article/488801-how-are-carbohydrates-digested-absorbed-eliminated/
2. http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4896605_how-carbohydrates-digested.html
3. http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CHEQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Findex.php%2Fdownload_file%2F1544%2F7%2F&ei=3blPUa6-LYyQrgftioCwDQ&usg=AFQjCNHjrCH68tMjKc0G9wqQCoRx23sMcg&sig2=2ICxBdvJ7cmLWA3lSOhi0w&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk 
4. http://wholesomebabyfood.momtastic.com/4daywaitrule.htm